With surface temperatures estimated at minus 230 degrees Fahrenheit, Jupiter's moon Europa has long been considered far too cold to support life, and with 60 square miles of water thought to be frozen from top to bottom.
(A) Europa has long been considered far too cold to support life, and with
(B) Europa has long been considered far too cold to support life, its
(C) Europa has long been considered as far too cold to support life and has
(D) Europa, long considered as far too cold to support life, and its
(E) Europa, long considered to be far too cold to support life, and to have
Options C, D, and E can be directly eliminated on the basis of idiomatic usage.
The verb “consider” cannot be followed by “as” or “to be”
Eg- I consider it my duty to help others- correct.
I consider it as my duty to help others- incorrect.
I consider it to be my duty to help others- incorrect.
Between Options A and B,
(A) With surface temperatures estimated at minus 230 degrees Fahrenheit, Jupiter's moon Europa has long been considered far too cold to support life, and with 60 square miles of water thought to be frozen from top to bottom.
The use of “and” should introduce another clause but here there is no main verb, making it a phrase. Hence incorrect.
and with 60 square miles of water thought to be frozen from top to bottom.
“thought to be frozen…” is a participial phrase modifying “water”
(B) With surface temperatures estimated at minus 230 degrees Fahrenheit, Jupiter's moon Europa has long been considered far too cold to support life, its 60 square miles of water thought to be frozen from top to bottom.
“With surface temp….”, Jupiter’s moon Europa (subject) has long been considered far too cold…., its 60 square miles.. (modifies the preceding clause)
Correct.